Murder on the Frontier - Lesson 1
Objectives
- Demonstrate understanding of both literal and inferential aspects of written text- and image-based evidence
- Summarize the essential message of a visual primary source
- Draw conclusions based on direct evidence found in a visual primary source
Essential Questions
- To what extent did fear of Native Americans develop into racial hatred on the Pennsylvania frontier?
- To what extent can the rhetoric of fear entice a population to violence?
- To what extent did fear shape colonial perceptions of neighboring Native Americans?
Materials
- Benjamin West, Penn's Treaty with the Indians (1771-72)
- James Wimer, The Massacre of the Indians of Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763 (1841)
- Charles Grignion (based on the artwork of Benjamin West), The Indians Giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet (1766)
- [James Claypoole], An Indian Squaw King Wampum Spies (1764)
- [James Claypoole], The German Bleeds and Bears Ye Furs (1764)
- Henry Dawkins, The Paxton Expedition (1764)
Handouts
- Historical Background: "Peaceable Kingdom Lost, Part 1" by Kevin Kenny, Glucksman Professor in Irish Studies, New York University. Commissioned for Digital Paxton.
- Activity Sheets
- Analyzing an Essay for Lesson 1
- Details, Description, and Decision activity sheet
- Primary Sources
- 1. Benjamin West, Penn's Treaty with the Indians, 1771-72, oil on canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Gift of Mrs. Sarah Harrison (The Joseph Harrison, Jr. Collection).
- 2. "The Massacre of the Indians of Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763," in [James Wimer], Events in Indian History, Beginning with an Account of the Origins of the American Indians, and Early Settlements in North America (Lancaster PA: G. Hills & Co., 1841), p. 488.
- 3. Charles Grignion, "The Indians Giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet in a Conference at a Council Fire . . . in Octr 1764," based on artwork by Benjamin West, in William Smith, An Historical Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians, in the Year 1764: under the Command of Henry Bouquet, Esq. . . . (Philadelphia, 1766).
- 4. [James Claypoole], "An Indian Squaw King Wampum Spies," (Philadelphia, [1764]), Historical Society of Pennsylvania Large Graphics Collection (#V65).
- 5. [James Claypoole], "The German Bleeds and Bears Ye Furs," ([Philadelphia], 1764), Historical Society of Pennsylvania Large Graphics Collection (#V65).
- 6. Henry Dawkins, "The Paxton Expedition, Inscribed to the Author of the Farce, by HD," (Philadelphia, ca. 1764), Library Company of Philadelphia.
- Benjamin West, Penn's Treaty with the Indians (1771-72)
- James Wimer, The Massacre of the Indians of Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763 (1841)
- Charles Grignion (based on the artwork of Benjamin West), The Indians Giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet (1766)
- [James Claypoole], An Indian Squaw King Wampum Spies (1764)
- [James Claypoole], The German Bleeds and Bears Ye Furs (1764)
- Henry Dawkins, The Paxton Expedition (1764)
- Introduce the following Essential Questions:
- To what extent did fear of Native Americans develop into racial hatred on the Pennsylvania frontier?
- To what extent can the rhetoric of fear entice a population to violence?
- To what extent did fear shape colonial perceptions of neighboring Native Americans?
- Distribute Part 1 of the Historical Background essay written by Professor Kevin Kenny. You may choose to assign the reading as homework before starting the lesson, and the students can complete the Analyzing and Essay activity sheet to prepare for the class discussion.
- You may also choose to "share read" the document in class. This is done by having the students follow along silently while you begin to read aloud, modeling prosody, inflection, and punctuation. Then ask the class to join in with the reading after a few sentences while you continue to read aloud, still serving as the model. This technique will support struggling readers as well as English language learners (ELL).
- If you introduce the reading in class during this lesson, distribute the Analyzing an Essay activity sheet after the reading activity. Depending on the students' experience with examining texts, you may choose to model the selection and analysis of the first phrase and, when the class is ready, the answer to the first critical thinking question. For the rest of the activity sheet, you may choose to have the students work individually, as partners, or in small groups of three or four.
- After giving the students enough time to complete the activity, reconvene the whole class and discuss different interpretations developed by individual students or groups.
- For the rest of the class period you may choose to have the students do the following activity individually, as partners, or in small groups of no more than three or four students. Depending on the time available, you may choose to provide a selection of the images or assign some image analysis as homework
- Distribute Penn's Treaty with the Indians to the class along with the Details, Description, and Decision activity sheet.
- Model the activity with the class for the first visual image, eliciting answers to the questions through class discussion.
- Distribute images #2-#6 and the Details, Description, and Decision activity sheets (1 per image per student or group). The verses from three of the images are provided as well. You may ask the students to include the text in their analysis of the images.
- After giving the students enough time to complete the activity sheets, reconvene the whole class and discuss different interpretations developed by the individual students or groups.
Assessment
Using the secondary source and the six visual images, students will select one of the essential questions and develop a viewpoint. They will then write a brief essay response to the essential question that they have chosen and support their viewpoint with evidence from the essay and visual sources.
- To what extent did fear of Native Americans develop into racial hatred on the Pennsylvania frontier?
- To what extent can the rhetoric of fear entice a population to violence?
- To what extent did fear shape colonial perceptions of neighboring Native Americans?